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Parkinson's Disease Associated With Pesticide Exposure In French Farm Workers
The cause of Parkinson"s disease (PD), the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer"s disease, is unknown, but in most cases it is believed to involve a combination of environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility. Laboratory studies in rats have shown that injecting the insecticide rotenone leads to an animal model of PD and several epidemiological studies have shown an association between pesticides and PD, but most have not identified specific pesticides or studied the amount of exposure relating to the association.
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South Africa Launches HIV/AIDS Vaccine Trial
"The first clinical trial of an HIV/AIDS vaccine designed and developed in South Africa was launched in Cape Town" Monday, the SAPA/The Times reports. The trial will seek to determine the immune response of HIV-negative people to two experimental vaccines - SAAVI DNA-C2 and SAAVI MVA-C (7/20). Similar tests of the vaccine began in the U.S. earlier this year, the AP/Washington Post reports. According to Anthony Mbewu, president of South Africa"s government-supported Medical Research Council, the vaccine was designed at the University of Cape Town with technical help from the NIH, which also manufactured the vaccine (Faul, 7/20). Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, called the partnership between South Africa and the U.S. "the most important AIDS research partnership in the world," but cautioned the years ahead would prove challenging as researchers test the safety and efficacy of the HIV vaccine, the AP/Google.com reports (Faul, 7/20).
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Neural Substrates Of Controlled And Automatic Processes Involved In Empathy For Pain
Seeing others in pain can automatically engage the brain"s empathy systems even if we are not paying attention, according to new research from Mount Sinai School of Medicine presented at the Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping. The investigators showed people images of hands and feet in painful or non-painful situations while scanning the brain using magnetic resonance imaging. Under some conditions the subjects paid attention to whether the situation was painful, while in other conditions they paid attention to other aspects of the images. The results showed that a brain area called the insula responded to pain even if the subject was not paying attention to pain, while another area called the anterior cingulate cortex was important for the voluntary control of empathy for pain. The research provides a better understanding of how the social brain responds to others" pain.
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Benefits Of Anti-TB Plan Would Dwarf Costs In Sub-Saharan Africa

A diverse international network has proposed to significantly increase the res devoted to fighting tuberculosis, the second most deadly of the world"s infectious diseases. The "Global Plan to Stop TB" would step up use of treatments and techniques that have proved effective in fighting the disease, but would the benefits of the additional effort outweigh the costs? In sub-Saharan Africa, the answer is yes, according to an analysis published today on the Health Affairs Web site. In this region, when the Global Plan is compared to continuing the current anti-TB strategy, the benefits of the Global Plan would outweigh its costs by a ratio of 9 to 1, say Ramanan Laxminarayan, a senior fellow at Res for the Future in Washington, D.C., and coauthors. However, the benefit-to-cost ratio of the Global Plan would vary from area to area: the plan"s benefits would unambiguously outweigh the costs in only 12 of the 22 countries with the highest TB-related burden: the nine high-burden countries in Africa plus Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Russia. ÷ Link to÷ the article by Laxminarayan and coauthors. Health Affairs is pleased to make this article freely accessible for two weeks. Health Affairs


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